Most of these systems are essentially voluntary, with the exception of VAERS and MedWatch, which mandate reporting by certain parties (health professionals, manufacturers, and/or user facilities). The two CDC-managed systems and the CMS MPSMS are considered surveillance systems the other five are for event reporting. Like surveillance systems, reporting can be used to monitor trends. Reporting systems are designed for individuals to report specific events and, in some cases, conduct root-cause analyses (RCAs) to determine the causal factors for these events. In general, surveillance systems abstract data from patient and other records and/or health care personnel to determine if an adverse event has occurred and/or to analyze the data in order to monitor trends. Two types of systems are used: surveillance and reporting. The newest systems are the MPSMS, MHS PSP, and PSRS. The rest began operating after 1990, including several in the past few years. The longest operating of these systems is NNIS, which was initiated by CDC in 1970. The VA manages the National Center for Patient Safety (NCPS) and is working with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop a complementary system called the Patient Safety Reporting System (PSRS).
CMS is developing and will manage the Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring Program (MPSMS), and the DOD manages the Military Health System Patient Safety Program (MHS PSP). The FDA manages MedWatch, which handles reporting of medical device, biologic and blood product, drug product, and special nutritionals events. The CDC also works jointly with the FDA to manage VAERS. The NNIS system has two components-nosocomial infections and antimicrobial use and resistance. The CDC manages two of the eight systems: the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System and the Dialysis Surveillance Network (DSN). Federal Patient Safety/Health Care Reporting and Surveillance Systems.
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